Securing the Cost of Mine Clean-up

Footnotes

  1. Auditor General of British Columbia, “2002/2003 Report 5: Managing Contaminated Sites on Provincial Lands”;  (Victoria: Office of  the Auditor General of British Columbia, 2003) at 43.
  2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “OECD Environmental Performance Reviews – Canada”, Paris, 2004 at 17.
  3. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293 s 12(3).
  4. World Bank and International Finance Corporation, “It’s Not Over When It’s Over: Mine Closure Around the World” (Washington DC: International Finance Corporation, 2002) at 5, online at <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTOGMC/Resources/notoverwhenover.pdf>: The World Bank estimates closure costs typically range in the tens of millions of dollars, with medium-size open pit and underground mines operating in the past 10 to 15 years costing $5-15 million to close, while closure of open pit mines operating for over 35 years, with large waste and tailings facilities, can cost over $50 million.
  5. Bob Weber, “Giant Mine’s high cleanup bill shakes up policy on toxic sites”, The Globe and Mail, (1 April, 2013) online: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/giant-mines-high-cleanup-bill-shakes-up-policy-on-toxic-sites/article10659731/.
  6. Faro Mine Remediation Project, Frequently Asked Questions, online: http://www.faromine.ca/reference/faq.html (accessed Feb 15, 2013).
  7. Maya Stano, “The Raven Mine: A Regulatory & Fiscal Black Hole?” (Victoria: Environmental Law Centre Clinic, University of Victoria, 2011) at 22.
  8. Maya Stano, “The Raven Mine: A Regulatory & Fiscal Black Hole?” (Victoria: Environmental Law Centre Clinic, University of Victoria, 2011) at 22.
  9. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, s 10 (4),(5).
  10. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States” (Boulder: National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 2.
  11. Auditor General of British Columbia, “December 2002 Report 5: Managing Contaminated Sites on Provincial Lands”;  (Victoria: Office of  the Auditor General of British Columbia, December, 2002) at 43.
  12. British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Mine Reclamation Security Policy in British Columbia: A Paper for Discussion” (Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 1995) at 5.
  13. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10.
  14. BCMEMPR, Mine Reclamation Security Policy in British Columbia: A Paper for Discussion (Victoria: BCMEMPR, 1995) at 3.
  15. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(4)(a).
  16. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(4)(b). 

    Note: “Financial assurance for mine reclamation is only as strong as the definition of mine reclamation”: Jim Kuipers, Putting a Price on Pollution: Financial Assurance for Mine Reclamation and Closure (Mineral Policy Centre, 2003) at 25.

  17. Mines Act, RSBC, 1996, c 293, s 10(4)(b): This section of the provision was added by Energy And Mines Statutes Amendment Act, 2003 (2003-1-8) effective June 20, 2003 (BC Reg 234/2003).  Hansard does not provide reasons for this amendment; Mineral Tenure Act, RSBC 1996, c 292, s 1: Cultural Heritage resources: “an object, a site or the location of a traditional societal practice that is of historical, cultural or archaeological significance to British Columbia, a community or an aboriginal people”.
  18. Mines Act, RSBC, 1996, c 293, s 10(5).
  19. BCMEMPR, Mine Reclamation Security Policy in British Columbia: A Paper for Discussion (Victoria: BCMEMPR, 1995) at 17.
  20. C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 14.
  21. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008) s 10.1.4(8), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  22. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Mine Reclamation Costing and Spreadsheet (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2006, Version 3.5.1), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ApplicationForms/AnnualReclamationReports/Documents/costing_manual.pdf> at  9.
  23. BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy at II(2).
  24. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources , 2009) at 17.
  25. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 80.
  26. Online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/Costing-Security/Pages/default.aspx>.
  27. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Mine Reclamation Costing and Spreadsheet (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2006, Version 3.5.1), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ApplicationForms/AnnualReclamationReports/Documents/costing_manual.pdf> at 9.
  28. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Mine Reclamation Costing and Spreadsheet (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2006, Version 3.5.1), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ApplicationForms/AnnualReclamationReports/Documents/costing_manual.pdf> at 11-16.
  29. Mines Act, RSBC, 1996, c 293, Application Requirements for a Permit Approving the Mine Plan and Reclamation Program, online: < http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/PermitApplicationRequirements/Pages/default.aspx#application_for_a_mines_act_permit> at 3.9.
  30. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 17.
  31. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Mine Reclamation Security Policy in British Columbia: A Paper for Discussion” (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 1995) at 3.
  32. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 17.
  33. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 17.
  34. Park, Conservancy and Recreation Area Regulation, BC Reg 180/90, ss 3(4)-(7) ; Park Act, RSBC 1996, c 344, s 22: Restoration deposit may be required: “Before issuing a park use permit or resource use permit, the minister or the minister’s authorized agent may require the person to whom it is intended to issue the permit to pay to the government a sum that the minister or that agent considers sufficient to defray the cost of the restoration or repair of the park, conservancy or recreation area concerned necessitated by the use authorized by the permit”.
  35. Water Act, RSBC 1996, c 483, s 12(1)(e): “…the comptroller or the regional water manager may … (e) require the applicant to give security for the purposes and in the amount and form the comptroller or the regional water manager considers in the public interest”.
  36. Environmental Management Act, SBC 2003, c 53, s 14(1)(b).
  37. Provincial Forest Use Regulation, BC Reg 176/95, s 9(2)(c).
  38. Marta Miranda, David Chambers, & Catherine Coumans, “Framework for Responsible Mining: A Guide to Evolving Standards”, ( World Wildlife Fund & Center for Science in Public Participation, 2005) at 42.
  39. Elizabeth Bastida, Thomas Walde and Janeth Warden-Fernandez, eds, “International and Comparative Mineral Law and Policy: Trends and Prospects” (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2005) at 736.
  40. C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 4.
  41. A. Warhurst and L. Noronha, “Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning for Closure” (Washington DC: Lewis Publishers, 2000) at 332.
  42. BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy at II(2), (4), III;, Hard security includes cash, irrevocable letters of credit, fully registered marketable bonds issued and/or guaranteed by the Government of Canada or the provincial government, treasury bills, guaranteed investment certificates, and term deposits with up to three-year terms; Canada Savings Bonds and surety bonds are not accepted; BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 18.
  43. BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy at III.
  44.  BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy at II(3).
  45. BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy at II(2).
  46. BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy at II(1), (4), IV: “A performance bond must be provided by an insurance company licensed to write surety insurance in Canada or the Province of British Columbia. Such an insurance company must be approved by the Ministry of Finance (Risk Management Branch) and maintain an A.M. Best rating of A (Excellent) or better.”
  47. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(4).
  48. Auditor General of British Columbia, “2002/2003 Report 5: Managing Contaminated Sites on Provincial Lands”  (Victoria: Office of  the Auditor General of British Columbia, 2003) at 43.
  49. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Mine Reclamation Security Policy in British Columbia: A Paper for Discussion” (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 1995) at 16.
  50. S Dak CL c 45  § 6B-22, online:                                                                                                                                 <http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-22>.
  51. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-117 (3)(c )(II)(2011).
  52. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(4).
  53. RRS c E-10.2, Reg 7, s 12(c).
  54. Quartz Mining Act, SY 2003, c 14, s 16(1). http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/qumi.pdf
  55. Matthew Hawkins, “Rest Assured? A Critical Assessment of Ontario’s Mine Closure Financial Assurance Scheme” (2008) 26:4 Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 499.
  56. Colorado Revised Statutes – Title 34: Mineral Resources, s.34-32-117(1).
  57. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 2770(a),(d), 2773.1(a).
  58. Wash Rev Code tit 7879 § 44.087(1)(2011).
  59. Surface Mining Act, N Mex Stat tit 69 c 25A § 13(A)(2011).
  60. Papua New Guinea Mining Act 1992, s 150(1).
  61. Minerallagen SFS 1991:45 (Minerals Act, Sweden), C 4, s 6. Unofficial translation found online: http://www.sgu.se/dokument/service_sgu_publ/SGU-rapport_2007-26_minerals-act_ordinance.pdf. Minerals Act, Sweden, C 4, s 6.
  62. Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, (S Afr), No 28 of 2002, s 41(1).
  63. Mining Act, SNB 1985, c M-14.1, s 109(3.1) and (3.2).
  64. Kaska Mining Regulation, OIC 2004/24, s 6; Quartz Mining Act, SY 2003, c 14, s 139(2).
  65. C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 20.
  66. Queensland Government Mining Guideline, ‘Calculating Financial Assurance for Mining Projects’ (22 August 2012), p. 2. Available at: http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/land/mining/pdf/financial-assurance-mining-em585.pdf. Also see s364 of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld).
  67. See Recommendations for Modernizing BC Mining Law, Chapter 5, Prospecting and Exploration.
  68. James Otto and John Cordes, The Regulation of Mineral Enterprises: A Global Perspective on Economics, Law and Policy (Westminster, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation, 2002) at 3-33; Laws of Brunei, Chapter 42: Mining, s 7(1).
  69. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(1).
  70. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, ss 10(4), 10(8).
  71. Montana Code Annotated Title 82 c 4 § 338(3)(c336(2) (2011).
  72. Auditor General of British Columbia, “2002/2003 Report 5: Managing Contaminated Sites on Provincial Lands” (Victoria: Office of  the Auditor General of British Columbia, 2003) at 43.
  73. Quebec Bill 79: An Act to amend the Mining Act, s 54.
  74. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4  § 338 (2011), online: <http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/82/4/82-4-338.htm>.
  75. Surface Mining Act, N Mex Stat tit 69 § 25A-13(A)(2010).
  76. Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, India, Rule 23F(1): Financial assurance is required to be furnished by a leaseholder at a per-Ha rate of Rs. 25,000/ $454 CDN for category ‘A’ mines and Rs 15,000/$272 CDN for category ‘B’ mines, per hectare of the mining lease area used for mining  and allied activities, subject to a minimum of Rs. 200,000/ $3600 CDN and Rs. 100,000/$1800CDN for category A and category B mines respectively. Rule 42(1) of the [Indian] Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1988 defines mines as ‘category A’ if the number of average employees exceeds 150 in all or 75 working below ground or a mine where any of the mining operations like deep hole drilling, excavation, loading and transport is carried out with the help of heavy machinery. All other mines are categorized as ‘category B’ mines: 

    C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 63.

  77. Western Australia Department of DoIR Mines and Petroleum “Australia”; DMP Bond Policy (Effective 3 December 2010), online: <http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/documents/bond_policy.pdf >.
  78. S Dak CL, §45-6B-20, online : <http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-20>.
  79. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 735(1)(2011).
  80. Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (2008), s 10.7.29, online: http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf.
  81. Conservation and Reclamation Regulation, Alta Reg 115/1993, s 18(1)(c).
  82. Approvals Procedure Regulations, NS Reg 48/95, s 14(1)(c).
  83. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 17.
  84. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 17.
  85. Karen Campbell, Lisa Sumi, Alan Young, “Undermining the Law: Addressing the crisis in compliance with environmental mining laws in BC” (Vancouver: West Coast Environmental Law and Environmental Mining Council of BC, 2001) at 25.
  86. BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Performance Bonds Policy, online: < http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/Pages/PerformanceBondsPolicy.aspx>.
  87. Water Regulation, YOIC 2003/58, ss 11(2)(a)(b).
  88. Wash Rev Code tit 78 §44.350(2)(a)(4)(2011).
  89. C.Queensland Government Mining Guideline, ‘Calculating Financial Assurance for Mining Projects’ (22 August 2012), p. 2. Available at: http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/land/mining/pdf/financial-assurance-mining-em585.pdf. Also see s364 of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld).
  90. S Dak CL, tit  45 § 6B-20.1, online: <http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=45-6B-20.1>.
  91. Wash Rev Code §78.44.350(2)(a).
  92. Queensland Government Mining Guideline, ‘Calculating Financial Assurance for Mining Projects’ (22 August 2012), p. 2. OnlineAvailable: <http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/land/mining/pdf/financial-assurance-mining-em585.pdf>.. Also see s364 of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld).
  93. Colorado Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 §32-110 (2011).
  94. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Mine Reclamation Costing and Spreadsheet User Manual” (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2006, Version 3.5.1), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/MINING/PERMITTING-RECLAMATION/ANNUALRECLAMATIONREPORTS/Pages/default.aspx> at  9.
  95. Conservation and Reclamation Regulation,  Alta Reg 115/1993, s 19.
  96. Approvals Procedure Regulations, NS Reg 48/95, s 15.
  97. Idaho Administrative Code IDAPA 37.03.05, Mines Tailings Impoundment Structures Rules, s 040.
  98. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States” (Boulder: National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 2, online: <http://www.csp2.org/REPORTS/Hardrock%20Bonding%20Report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf>.
  99. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 17, online: <http://www.coalwatch.ca/sites/default/files/Guide-to-Processing-A-Mine-Project-Application-Under-The-British-Columbia-Mines-Act.pdf>.
  100. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Mine Reclamation Costing and Spreadsheet” (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2006) at 8, online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ApplicationForms/AnnualReclamationReports/Documents/costing_manual.pdf>.
  101. EC, Commission Directive 2006/21/EC of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and amending Directive 2004/35/EC, Article 14(2) [2006] OJ, L 102/15.
  102. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC tit 30 § 1259(a); C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 5 and 35.
  103. Nev Adm Code c 517(A) § 360(2)(2011); C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 5 and 35.
  104. Mine Development and Closure, O Reg 240/00, s 12(2)(c); George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 5 and 35.
  105. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4  § 123(2011).
  106. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 §  810(2011).
  107. Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-117(4)(b)(I)(2011).
  108. Security Regulation, YOIC 2007/77, s 3(c).
  109. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3804(a)(2)(2007).
  110. Mine Closure Regulation, Man Reg 67/99, s 18(1)(2).
  111. David M Chambers, “Alaska Large Mine Reclamation Bonding 2005” (Paper delivered at the 2006 Billings Land Reclamation Symposium, Billings, MT June 5-8 2006), (Lexington: BLRS and ASMR, 2005) at 2, online: <http://www.csp2.org/reports/Alaska%20Reclamation%20Bonding%20-%20Sep05.pdf>.
  112. Fla Stat tit 28 c 378 §§ 208(1)(b)(c).
  113. Mined Land Reclamation Act,  Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-117(4)(b)(I).
  114. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3802(b)(2007).
  115. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 80.
  116. Canadian Oil and Gas Operations Act, RSC 1985 c 07 ss 5.03,27.
  117. Resource Management Act 1991, (NZ). 1991/69 s 108A(2).
  118. Or Rev Stat vol12 § 517.987(1)(2011).
  119. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal §3804(a)(4)(2007).
  120. Elmar Plate, Malcolm Foy and Rick Krehbiel, Solutions for First Nation Involvement in Environmental Assessment Reviews of Development Projects in British Columbia (West Vancouver: New Relationship Trust, 2009) at xii (Solution #65).
  121. Environmental Protection Act, RSO 1990, c E 19, ss132(1)(b), 132(1.1).
  122. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 §§ 840(2), 950(2)(a)(2011).
  123. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States” (Boulder: National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 1,2, online: <http://www.csp2.org/REPORTS/Hardrock%20Bonding%20Report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf>.
  124. Idaho Stat tit 47 § 1513(f)(2)(2012).
  125. British Columbia, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Health, Safety and Reclamation Code for Mines in British Columbia (Victoria: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2008) s 10.1.4(8), online: <http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/HealthandSafety/Documents/HSRC2008.pdf>.
  126. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4  § 338(3)(a)(2011).
  127. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 §  915(2)(2011).
  128. Auditor General of British Columbia, “2002/2003 Report 5: Managing Contaminated Sites on Provincial Lands”  (Victoria, 2003) at 43.
  129. C. George Miller, “Financial Assurance for Mine Closure and Reclamation”, (Ottawa: International Council on Mining & Metals, 2005) at 4.
  130. A. Warhurst and L. Noronha, “Environmental Policy in Mining: Corporate Strategy and Planning for Closure”, (Washington DC: CRC Press LLC, 2000) at 291.
  131. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10(7).
  132. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources , 2009) at 17.
  133. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, s 11.1(b).
  134. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources , 2009) at 17-18.
  135. Maya Stano, “The Raven Mine: A Regulatory & Fiscal Black Hole?” (Victoria: Environmental Law Centre Clinic, University of Victoria, 2011) at 27.
  136. Mont Code Ann, tit 82 c 4 § 338 (3)(a).
  137. Wash Rev Code, tit 78 56.110(4).
  138. Mineral Resource Regulations, NS Reg 100/2005, s 77(3).
  139. Mineral Industry Environmental Protection Regulations, 1996, RRS c E-10.2, Reg 7, s 16(1)(a).
  140. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 2773.1(a)(3)(2007); Minn Stat § 93.49: “The commissioner shall review annually the extent of each operator’s financial assurance under this section”.
  141. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 987(3)(2011).
  142. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4 § 338(3)(a)(2011).
  143. Idaho Stat, tit 47 § 1506(g).
  144. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 987(6)(b)(2011).
  145. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 987(6)(c)(2011).
  146. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293 s 10(8)(b).
  147. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4  § 341(4)(a)(2011).
  148. James R. Kuipers & Cathy Carlson, “Hardrock Reclamation Bonding Practices in the Western United States” (Boulder, Colorado: National Wildlife Federation, 2000) at 2, online: <http://www.csp2.org/REPORTS/Hardrock%20Bonding%20Report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf>; Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4  § 341(4)(b)(2011).
  149. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 §§ 860(2)(a)(b)(2011).
  150. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 35(2).
  151. Conservation and Reclamation Regulation, Alta Reg 115/93, s 24.
  152. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 17(1).
  153. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, ss 17(2)(3).
  154. Mines Act, RSBC 1996, c 293, ss 17(4)(5).
  155. Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990, (Vic). s 83(4).
  156. Resource Management Act, (NZ). 1991/69, ss 108A(2), 109(5).
  157. Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, s 245(1).
  158. Alberta Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act, s 240(1).
  159. Mines Code, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10.6.15.
  160. Mines Code, RSBC 1996, c 293, s 10.7.31.
  161. Mont Code Ann tit 82 c 4 § 338(5)(2011).
  162. N Mex Stat Ann § 69-36-7.R(2).
  163.  Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 987(6)(b)(2011): The requests must be distributed to any members of the public who participated in the initial consolidated application and to any person who requests notification.
  164. Or Rev Stat vol 12 c 517 § 987(6)(c)(2011).
  165. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC, tit 30 c 25 §1269(a).
  166. Colo Reg, Minerals Program Rules and Regulations, §7.2.10.
  167. Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990, (Vic). s 82.2: “If the land is private land the Minister must not return the bond or bonds to the holder or former holder of a mining licence or the holder or former holder of an extractive industry work authority until after the owner of the land and the council in whose municipal district the land is situated have been consulted”.
  168. BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, “Guide to Processing A Mine Project Application Under The British Columbia Mines Act” (Victoria: Mining and Minerals Division, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2009) at 25.
  169. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC, tit 30 c 25 §1269(b), online: < http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/usc.cgi?ACTION=RETRIEVE&FILE=$$xa$$busc30.wais&start=1962811&SIZE=8418&TYPE=TEXT>.
  170.  California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal § 3805.5(a)(1)(2007).
  171. Mined Land Reclamation Act, Colo Rev Stat tit 34 § 32-117(5)(a)(2011).
  172. Online: <http://www.emr.gov.yk.ca/aam/pdf/cc_timeline_july2010.pdf >.
  173. Environmental Quality Act, Wyo Stat tit 35 § 11-417(e).
  174. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, USC tit 30 c 25 § 1269(c).
  175. Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Act, W Va tit 22 § 3-23, online: <http://www.dep.wv.gov/dmr/codes/Documents/2009%20Mining%20Code.pdf>.
  176. California Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975, 2 Cal  § 3705(j)(2007).
  177. Wash Rev Code tit 78 § 44.141(7)(f)(2011).
  178. Surface Mining Act, N Mex Stat tit 69 § 36-7(R)(1)(2011).
  179. Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990 (Vic). ss 83(5)(6).
  180. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, A Guide to Surface and Subsurface Rights and Responsibilities in British Columbia (Victoria: BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 2010) at 7; Mineral Tenure Act, RSBC 1996, c 292, s 19(3).
  181. Idaho Code § 47-609.
  182. Idaho Code § 47-609.
  183. Idaho Code § 47-609.
  184. Philippines Mining Act of 1995, (Rep Act No 7942), s 76.
  185. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 220, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.
  186. Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, (Republic of Ghana Act 703), s 72(5).
  187. Human Rights Clinic of the University of Texas School of Law, The Cost of Gold: Communities affected by mining in the Tarkwa Region of Ghana (Austin: University of Texas School of Law, 2010) at 3.
  188. Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, (Republic of Ghana Act 703), s 74(1); Human Rights Clinic of the University of Texas School of Law, The Cost of Gold: Communities affected by mining in the Tarkwa Region of Ghana (Austin: University of Texas School of Law, 2010) at 2.
  189. Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990 (Vic), s 85(1).
  190. Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990 (Vic), s 85(2).
  191. Mining Act 1992 (Papua New Guinea, No 20 of 1992), s 154(2).
  192. Mining Act 1992 (Papua New Guinea, No 20 of 1992), s 154(6).
  193. Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, (Republic of Ghana Act 703), s 74(2).
  194. Mining Act 1992 (Papua New Guinea, No 20 of 1992), s 155.
  195. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 73, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.
  196. Eva Liedholm Johnson, Mineral Rights: Legal Systems Regulatory Exploration and Exploitation (DCL Thesis, 2010: Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm) at 220, [unpublished] online: <http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:300248/FULLTEXT01>.

Fair Mining Practices:

A New Mining Code for BC
  1. 1Negotiation of Agreements
  2. 2First Nations’ Resource Policies
  3. 3Indigenous Rights, Consultation and Consent
  4. 4The Surface Versus Subsurface Divide
  5. 5Mineral Prospecting and Exploration
  6. 6Environmental Assessment for Mining Activities
  7. 7Permits for Mine Development and Operation
  8. 8Compliance and Enforcement in the Mining Sector
  9. 9Mine Closure and Post Closure
  10. 10Securing the Cost of Mine Clean-up

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MINE MEDICINE MANUAL:

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